Cognado.
En lingüística histórica, se llama cognados o dobletes a aquellos términos con un mismo origen etimológico, pero con distinta evolución fonética. El vocablo se deriva del latín cognatus, de co- (con) y -gnatus, natus, participio del verbo latino nascì "nacer". Su traducción literal sería consanguíneos, con un mismo antepasado, o relacionado por una misma naturaleza, característica o función análoga.
Por ejemplo, encyclopaedia (desde la traducción inglesa) es un cognado de enciclopedia (en castellano). A veces pueden escribirse largas series de términos cognados dentro de una misma familia de lenguas. Por ejemplo entre las lenguas indoeuropeas tenemos estas dos series de cognados:
- noche (español), night (inglés), nuit (francés), Nacht (alemán), nacht (neerlandés), natdanés), (noc (checo y polaco), noch (ruso), noć (croata), noć (serbio), nox (latín), nakti-sánscrito), (natë (albanés), nos (galés), nueche (asturiano), nueit (aragonés), noitegallegoportugués), (notte (italiano), nit (catalán), noapte (rumano), nótt (islandés), y naktislituano) donde todos ellos signfican 'noche' y tienen una similaridad fonética evidente. Eso se debe a que todos derivan del proto-indoeuropeo *nekwt- 'noche'. y (
- estrella (español), star (inglés), étoile (francés), Stern (alemán), ster (neerlandés), stellalatín, italiano), (str (sánscrito), seren (galés), estrela (aragonés), estrela (gallego y portugués), estel (catalán), stea (rumano), stjarna (islandés), aster (griego), setarepersa) y estêre (kurdo). En este caso, todos ellos significan 'estrella' y derivan del proto-indoeuropeo *ster- 'estrella'. (
La semejanza de las palabras cognadas induce a menudo a traducciones erróneas, como la del inglés actually por «actualmente», aunque lo que significa es «realmente», o «de hecho», o como "policy" que parece que significa policía, cuando en realidad significa "política" (V. falsos amigos).
Falsos cognados.
Los cognados falsos son aquellas palabras que parecen tener un origen común, pero que tras un estudio lingüístico se puede determinar que no tienen ningún tipo de relación. Así, por ejemplo, si nos basamos en similitudes superficiales, podríamos suponer que el verbo latino habere y el alemán haben, que significan tener, son cognados, pero no es así. Si comprendemos el modo en que evolucionan ambas lenguas a partir de las raíces proto-indoeuropeas, veremos que no pueden serlo: haben proviene en realidad del proto-indoeuropeo *kap (agarrar), y su cognado real en latín es capere (tomar, capturar). El verbo latino habere, en cambio, deriva del proto-indoeuropeo *ghabh (dar, recibir), por lo que es el cognado de la palabra alemana geben.
La similitud entre palabras de distintas lenguas no basta para demostrar que dichos vocablos están relacionados entre sí, del mismo modo que sólo por un parecido físico no se puede determinar si dos personas tienen los mismos genes. Tras miles y miles de años, las palabras pueden cambiar su pronunciación completamente: por ejemplo, la palabra inglesa five y la sánscrita pança son cognados, mientras que la palabra inglesa over y la hebrea a'var no.
Cognate
In historical linguistics, called cognates or doublets to those terms with the same etymological origin, but with different phonetic evolution. The word derives from Latin cognatus, from co-(with) and, Gnatus, natus, Nasci participle of the Latin verb "born". Its literal translation would be blood, with a common ancestor, or related by the same nature, characteristics or a similar function.
For example, encyclopaedia (from the English translation) is a cognate of encyclopaedia (in Castilian). Sometimes you can write long series of cognate terms within the same language family. For example, between Indo-European languages have two sets of cognates:
1. night (Spanish), night (English), nuit (French), Nacht (German) nacht (Dutch), nat (Danish) noc (Czech and Polish) noch (Russian), NOC (Croatian), NOC (Serbian ) nox (Latin) nakti-(Sanskrit), Nate (Albanian), nos (Welsh), nueche (Asturias), nueit (Aragon), noite (Galician and Portuguese), notte (Italian), nit (Catalan) noapte (Romanian), Nott (Icelandic), and naktis (Lithuanian) where all signfican 'night' and have a clear phonetic similarity. That is because all derive from Proto-Indo-European * nekwt-'night'.
2. Star (Spanish), star (English), Etoile (France), Stern (German), ster (Dutch), stella (Latin, Italian), str (Sanskrit), Serena (Welsh), estrela (Aragon), estrela (Galician and Portuguese) estel (Catalan), stea (Romanian), Stjarnan (Icelandic), aster (Greek), Setar (Persian) and esters (Kurdish). In this case, all meaning 'star' and the proto-Indo-European stem * ster-"star".
The similarity of the cognate words often leads to erroneous translations, such as English Actually by "now", although it means is "really" or "fact" or "policy" seems to mean that police, when actually means "politics" (V. false friends).
False cognates.
The false cognates are words that seem to have a common origin, but after a linguistic study it can be determined to have no relationship. For example, if we rely on superficial similarities, we might suppose that the Latin verb habere and German haben, meaning to have, are cognates, but not so. By understanding how both languages evolve from Proto-Indo-European roots, we see that can not be: haben actually comes from Proto-Indo-European * kap (grab) and its cognate in Latin is real caper (take, capture ). The Latin verb habere, however, derives from the Proto-Indo-European * ghabh (give, receive), so is the cognate of the German geben.
The similarity between words in different languages is not enough to prove that the words are related to each other, just as only a physical resemblance can not be determined if two people have the same genes. After thousands of years, words can completely change their pronunciation: for example, the word five and Sanskrit panca are cognates, while the word over and Hebrew a'var not.
In historical linguistics, called cognates or doublets to those terms with the same etymological origin, but with different phonetic evolution. The word derives from Latin cognatus, from co-(with) and, Gnatus, natus, Nasci participle of the Latin verb "born". Its literal translation would be blood, with a common ancestor, or related by the same nature, characteristics or a similar function.
For example, encyclopaedia (from the English translation) is a cognate of encyclopaedia (in Castilian). Sometimes you can write long series of cognate terms within the same language family. For example, between Indo-European languages have two sets of cognates:
1. night (Spanish), night (English), nuit (French), Nacht (German) nacht (Dutch), nat (Danish) noc (Czech and Polish) noch (Russian), NOC (Croatian), NOC (Serbian ) nox (Latin) nakti-(Sanskrit), Nate (Albanian), nos (Welsh), nueche (Asturias), nueit (Aragon), noite (Galician and Portuguese), notte (Italian), nit (Catalan) noapte (Romanian), Nott (Icelandic), and naktis (Lithuanian) where all signfican 'night' and have a clear phonetic similarity. That is because all derive from Proto-Indo-European * nekwt-'night'.
2. Star (Spanish), star (English), Etoile (France), Stern (German), ster (Dutch), stella (Latin, Italian), str (Sanskrit), Serena (Welsh), estrela (Aragon), estrela (Galician and Portuguese) estel (Catalan), stea (Romanian), Stjarnan (Icelandic), aster (Greek), Setar (Persian) and esters (Kurdish). In this case, all meaning 'star' and the proto-Indo-European stem * ster-"star".
The similarity of the cognate words often leads to erroneous translations, such as English Actually by "now", although it means is "really" or "fact" or "policy" seems to mean that police, when actually means "politics" (V. false friends).
False cognates.
The false cognates are words that seem to have a common origin, but after a linguistic study it can be determined to have no relationship. For example, if we rely on superficial similarities, we might suppose that the Latin verb habere and German haben, meaning to have, are cognates, but not so. By understanding how both languages evolve from Proto-Indo-European roots, we see that can not be: haben actually comes from Proto-Indo-European * kap (grab) and its cognate in Latin is real caper (take, capture ). The Latin verb habere, however, derives from the Proto-Indo-European * ghabh (give, receive), so is the cognate of the German geben.
The similarity between words in different languages is not enough to prove that the words are related to each other, just as only a physical resemblance can not be determined if two people have the same genes. After thousands of years, words can completely change their pronunciation: for example, the word five and Sanskrit panca are cognates, while the word over and Hebrew a'var not.
Examples of cognates.
television - televisión
radio-radio
computer - computadora
car - carro
machine - máquina
taxi - taxi
radio-radio
computer - computadora
car - carro
machine - máquina
taxi - taxi
education - educacion
university_ universidad
exercise- ejercicios (no de deportes)
university_ universidad
exercise- ejercicios (no de deportes)
hospital- hospital
inyection- inyección
intensive - intensivo
cup - copa
cup - copa
doctor- doctor
amnesia-amnesia
radar-radar
history-historia
introduction- introducción
realize-realizar
fabric- fabrica
personal-personal
natural-natural
class-clase
family- familia
memory-memoria
princess-princesa
color-color
Examples of false cognates.
an abstract: resumen (y no abstracto)
actual: real, efectivo (y no actual, que se dice current)
actually: en realidad (y no actualmente, que se dice nowadays, at present)
to advertise: anunciar (y no advertir, que se dice to warn)
advice: consejos (y no aviso, que se dice warning, notice)
application form: formulario de solicitud (y no formulario de aplicación)
to apologise: pedir disculpas (y no apología, que se dice defence)
apt: propenso (y no apto, que se dice qualified, able)
argument: discusión, pelea (y no argumento de un libro/una película, que se dice plot)
actual: real, efectivo (y no actual, que se dice current)
actually: en realidad (y no actualmente, que se dice nowadays, at present)
to advertise: anunciar (y no advertir, que se dice to warn)
advice: consejos (y no aviso, que se dice warning, notice)
application form: formulario de solicitud (y no formulario de aplicación)
to apologise: pedir disculpas (y no apología, que se dice defence)
apt: propenso (y no apto, que se dice qualified, able)
argument: discusión, pelea (y no argumento de un libro/una película, que se dice plot)
arm: brazo (y no arma, que se dice gun)
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